Thymol Cena CAS 89-83-8

A large number of research results revealed that Thymol Cena or thymol-containing plants have significant antibacterial activity, and thymol has a broad spectrum and has inhibitory effects on most Gram bacteria. Common gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella, Bacillus pertussis, Chromobacterium violaceum, and gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes are common. But the mechanism of action of thymol against different bacteria varies. For example, Qiu et al. found that thymol inhibited the transcription of α-hemolysin, enterotoxin A (SEA), and enterotoxin B (SEB) in Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a decrease in their secretion, thereby reducing their secretion. Reduced hemolysis and tumor necrosis factor (tumor necrosis factor, TNF) inducing activity. Barbosa et al. compared an untreated control group with an experimental group treated with sublethal concentrations of oregano essential oil, carvacrol, and thymol. The study showed that antibacterial activity is preferentially related to the presence of thymol, and that thymol plays a role in DNA synthesis and thymol. Protein regulation can play a role in interference. Upadhyay et al. detected through in vivo experiments that Thymol Cena can reduce the toxicity of Listeria monocytogenes to a certain extent, and can also enhance the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes and improve the viability of life. Dong et al. found that thymol can significantly reduce the production of aerosols and the formation of biofilms by inhibiting the transcription of Aeromonas hydrophila genes at sub-inhibitory concentrations, indicating that thymol has anti-quorum sensing activity. Meanwhile, Caceres et al. indicated that thymol-carvacrol-chemotype oil is the best candidate for further study of antibiotic design and development of antibacterial resistance. In conclusion, thymol can play a role in resisting bacteria by inhibiting the transcription and translation of toxic substances in bacteria, enhancing the expression of some antibacterial genes in animals, and inhibiting the formation of bacterial biofilms.

In addition, Thymol Cena can work with other substances to enhance antibacterial activity. For example, thymol can be used as an antibiotic adjuvant in combination with antibiotics. The study by Kissels et al found that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of thymol against B. pertussis and Mycoplasma hemolytica were 1.250 and 0.625 mmol/L, respectively. When it was combined with doxycycline or tilmicosin, the fractional The antibacterial effect was detected by the inhibitory concentration checkerboard, and the results showed that the sterilization effect of thymol and antibiotics was significantly enhanced. Thymol can be combined with volatile compounds in essential oils. Porter et al. found that mustard seed volatile oil and thymol jointly inhibited Salmonella, reducing the concentration of essential oils required to inhibit Salmonella, and had certain commercial value. Thymol Cena also binds to bacteriophage and can greatly reduce the number of Salmonella in chicken products compared to thymol or bacteriophage alone.

Inflammation is a complex pathophysiological process mediated by a variety of signaling molecules, which are produced by various cells such as leukocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. For macrophages, the inflammatory process is mainly regulated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Therefore, inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling in cells is an important target for suppressing inflammatory responses (figure 1). NF-κB is a transcription factor that activates the expression of a large number of pro-inflammatory genes (cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules) and plays an important role in oxidative stress, inflammation and immune responses. De Jesús et al. demonstrated through experiments that the NF-κB/Rel transcription factor family plays a central role in the initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses, and determined that the NF-κB subunit c-Rel transcription factor is the transcriptional repressor of inflammatory genes. Studies have found that thymol can inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting TNF-α and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β ( IL-1β) production, while promoting the expression of erythroid-derived nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2, Nrf2). In addition, Thymol Cena can significantly reduce the expression of Fos protein (c-Fos), activated T cell nuclear factor 1 (NFAT1), activated T cell nuclear factor 2 (NFAT2), and at the protein level, induce stress-activated protein kinase and The phosphorylation level of signaling and transcriptional activator proteins is decreased, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect. In conclusion, thymol achieves anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling in cells, reducing or preventing the production of toxic proteins or toxic substances.

For general inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, pleurisy, peritonitis, etc., thymol has anti-inflammatory and healing-promoting functions. The safe concentration for inhibiting goat endometrial inflammation is 100 μg/mL. Within this concentration range, Thymol Cena can inhibit the inflammatory effect of goat endometrial cells and reduce the structural damage of cells, but higher than this concentration will significantly enhance goat endometrial inflammation. Permeability of endometrial cells, damage cells.

Oxidative stress will have adverse effects on animals, such as immunosuppression, slowing down animal growth, reducing production performance and causing organ damage. The main cell mediator is polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), and activated PMNs will Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, and the secretion of ROS can cause lipid peroxidation, amino acid oxidation, protein cleavage, and DNA damage, thereby triggering a self-sustaining inflammatory cycle and oxidative stress. Therefore, both the release of ROS and the increase of PMN are responsible for the oxidation of the organism. Therapeutic strategies for oxidative cell damage include removal of specific toxic effector metabolites, augmentation of specific intracellular antioxidant systems, and the use of drugs with antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds have redox properties and play an important role in neutralizing free radicals and peroxynitrites and decomposing peroxides, data on antioxidant activity are mainly through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl Chemical assay collection for hydrazine (DPPH) assay or lipid peroxidation. In vitro, thymol enhances antioxidant capacity by scavenging free radicals (figure 1). Thymol Cena and peroxy free radicals are prone to chemical reactions, and its hydrogen ions combine with free radicals to generate an intermediate product, phenoxy free radicals, which rapidly react with the next free radicals, thereby scavenging peroxy free radicals. Zhang Youlin et al. [29] studied the scavenging ability of thyme essential oil to free radicals by DPPH assay, and found that the scavenging ability of thyme essential oil to free radicals was linearly related to the concentration. The higher the concentration of thyme essential oil, the stronger the scavenging ability. certain antioxidant effect.

In vivo, it improves antioxidant capacity by increasing the activity of biological antioxidant enzymes (Figure 1). Güvenç et al. measured sperm quality parameters (motility, concentration, abnormal sperm, ratio of live and dead sperm) and biochemical parameters (reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde content and catalase activity, etc.), and performed histopathological detection The effects of different doses of Thymol Cena on sperm quality oxidative stress and antioxidant system were studied, and it was determined that the use of thymol could modulate enzyme activity, reduce oxidative damage, increase antioxidant levels in animals, and improve sperm quality parameters. However, it is not clear how thymol exerts its antioxidant effect. Some studies believe that plant essential oils contain certain antioxidant active substances that can improve the body’s antioxidant capacity, which can bind to cell surface receptors, through transcription and protein expression. The level increases the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes and enhances the activity of the body’s antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving the body’s antioxidant effect.

Thymol Cena has immunomodulatory effects such as regulating the growth and maturation of dendritic cells (DC), enhancing T cell activity, inducing cell proliferation, and affecting inflammatory responses. It has a certain range of applications in modern medicine and agricultural production. Gholijani et al found that thymol can reduce the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, activator protein-1 (activator protein-1, The transcription of AP-1) and activated T cells (nuclear factor of activated T cells, NFAT) genes inhibits the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), thereby regulating the T cell activity (Figure 1). By adding 25, 50, and 100 mmol/L Thymol Cena to the cell culture medium, Palabiyik et al. found that the three concentrations could improve cell viability, and recorded that 100 mmol/L thymol had the most effect at 24 h. Well, the most active. At the same time, Amirghofran et al. found that Thymol Cena can also inhibit allogeneic T cell responses and promote DC maturation. DCs are the most effective antigen-presenting cells in the immune system and can be divided into immature DCs (immature DCs, iDCs), semi-mature DCs (semi-mature DCs, sDCs) and mature DCs (mature DCs, mDCs). mDC has functions such as activating naive T cells, resisting infection, and triggering specific immune responses, while iDC or sDC can promote immune tolerance in the body, which is one of the mechanisms to avoid tumor immune killing. Li et al found that thymol can inhibit the proliferation of bladder cancer cells through experiments, and thymol can be used in the treatment of tumors. Palabiyik et al. combined Thymol Cena with carvalol (Car) in the treatment of liver cancer, and found that the therapeutic effect of thymol was better than that of carvalol. Chauhan et al found that thymol is not only a good mitogen, which can significantly increase the proliferation of splenocytes, but also can increase membrane fluidity and enhance the absorption capacity of macrophages, and also increase the lysosomes of macrophages active. In addition, Ahmed et al. [38] found that lipid peroxidation in the kidneys and hearts of rats treated with thyme oil and thymol was significantly reduced, while glutathione (GSH) ), enzymatic antioxidant (glutathione enzymatic antioxidant, GST) content and glutathione peroxidase (glutathione peroxidase, GPx) activity significantly increased, significantly improved DOX-induced renal histological changes, enhanced rat Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms. To sum up, thymol improves immune activity mainly by alleviating inflammatory response, increasing the content of immune substances and improving oxidative damage capacity, but there is a lack of specific mechanism research, and further systematic research is needed.

Researchers are currently investigating the effect of Thymol Cena on neural activity and intrinsic properties, and the results show that thymol can activate a variety of transient receptor potential (TRP) non-selective cation channels, including TRPV3, TRPA1 and TRPM8 channels. Regulation of TRP channels, especially TRPA1, has been suggested as a potential mechanism for the antinociceptive activity of Thymol Cena. Vatanparast et al. studied the effect of thymol on the spontaneous activity and action potential of the central neurons of the white flower snail, and found that the synergistic effect of Thymol Cena (0.5 mmol/L) and the potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium could not cause snail neurons Burst discharge, this result also supports potassium channel inhibition.

In addition, thymol exhibits several other biological activities, including growth-promoting, antinociceptive, angiochalasin, genotoxic, and insecticidal properties.